STRUCTURING SENTENCE Compound-Complex Sentences

Simple sentences

• Simple Sentence
• Complex Sentence
• Compound Sentence

• Simple Sentence (also called a controll unit is the bases of every sentences), a simple sentence is made up from 2 structural component
• The Subject + The Predicate
• Control Unit = S + P
• ex = i eat bakso every day, i = Subject, eat = Predicate
• That flower is red, That = Subject, Flower = Predicate
• Subject contains the word of group or words that does something or is something
• Subject = 
• Pelaku
• Sesuatu
• Predicate = 
• Kata Kerja (Verb)
• To be = Menjelaskan sesuatu
• The predicate contains the words or group of words that is used to express action (Verb) or state of being (tobe)

• Exercise = (S = Subject = Red) (P = Predicate = Green)
• The sun shines
• A new program is being developed
• Bananas, Mangoes and Papaya are tropical fruit
• Reading carefully, taking notes and summaries are essential stages in academic writing
• The old man is being read to by the boy
• I have lost my wallet, passport and car keys
• A large, black, hairiy spider with red staring eyes lowered its self from the dark, overhanging branches
• Cell samples were taken frim the organisms being researched

Simple sentence (kalimat sederhana), juga disebut independent clause, adalah kalimat yang memiliki satu subject dan satu verb (predicate), dan sudah dapat mengekspresikan suatu kejadian/aktivitas secara utuh. Kalimat yang menggunakan subject majemuk (seperti pada contoh 2) atau verb majemuk (seperti pada contoh 3) juga dikatagorikan sebagai kalimat sederhana.

Contoh:

1. I am going to study Japanese next year.
2. Jenny and Joni went to the shopping mall last night.
3. Ronny goes to the library and reads everyday.

Note: Contoh 2 memiliki subject majemuk yaitu Jenny dan Joni, sedangkan Contoh 3 memiliki verb majemuk yaitu goes dan reads.

Compound sentences

• Compound Sentence, a compound sentence is one in which there are two or more Controll Unit (Simple Sentence)
• How to Join Controll Unit
• You cannot join Controll Unit with a comma alone
• You must use euther a comma plus a conjunction or a semicolon (;)
• ex = and, but, for, nor, since, so ,yet
• She did well in her examination
• She is an able student
• She did well in her examination, for she is an able student
• He worked hard
• He did not achieve high marks
• He worked hard, yet he did not achieve high works

• Exercise (in each of following sentences, Join the simple sentences to make new simple, complex, or compound sentences
• Jet lag affect most long-distance travellers, jet lag is the urge to sleep at in appropriate times
• Jet lag, which is the urge to sleep at in appropriate times, affect most long-distance travellers (Complex Sentence)
  
• I enjoy watching football, i hate watching tennis
• I enjoy watching football, but i hate watching tennis (Compound Sentence)
  
• Solar heating system are economical to operate, the installation cost of solar heating system is very high
• Although the installation cost of solar heating system is very high, Solar heating system are economical to operate (Complex Sentence)
  
• Many international researches attended the science cenvention, the convention was very successful
• Many international researches attended the science cenvention, which was very successful (Complex Sentence)
  
• I was reading the newspaper, i noticed an advertisement for a job i could apply for
• When i reading the newspaper, i noticed an advertisement for a job i could apply for  (Complex Sentence)
  

Compound sentence (kalimat majemuk) adalah kalimat yang mengandung sekurang-kurangnya dua independent clause yang dihubungkan oleh coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, atau semicolon (i.e.  ; ).

Contoh:

1. Some of the campers went into the woods to find dry tree branches for cooking, and the others built the tents.
2. Rini and Rere are chitchatting by the door, John is reading his book, Dodo is flattering Angelina on the class corner, but Didit is sleeping on his desk. (chitchat = ngobrol, flatter = merayu).
3. I had nothing to do last night, so I went out to see a movie by myself. (by myself = alone = sendirian, tanpa teman).
4. Neither my parents nor I heard of my cousin’s accident. (Baik orang tua saya maupun saya tidak mendengar tentang kecelakaan (yang dialami) sepupu saya).
5. My parents went to Puncak for their vacation; my brother and I went to Bali for ours. Note: Kalimat ini mengandung dua independent clause yang dihubungkan oleh semicolon. Penggunaan semicolon merupakan alternatif untuk menggabungkan independent clause tanpa menggunakan conjunction. Kalimat ini juga dapat ditulis menjadi: My parents went to Puncak for their vacation, but my brother and I went to Bali for ours.  (i.e. semicolon diganti dengan tanda koma dan coordinating conjunction but).

Complex sentences

• Complex Sentence, a komplek sentences is one in which the controll unit has a support unit added to it
• (Controll Unit + Support Unit)
• A support unit is a group of words that supports the meaning of the control unit by adding more meanings to oit.
• ex = Miss Vika, Who is beautiful, is teaching english right now
• Support unit bisa diletakan di depan / di tengah / dan di belakang Controll unitnya
• Support unit dan controll unit di pisahkan dengan koma (,)
• Support unit bisa diawali dengan sub ordinator (kata penghubung = although, because, since, while, as, were as, after, before, whenever, if, unless, until, when, were, which, who, whom, whose, dll)
• Support unit bisa dimulai dengan Verb+ing (Gerund)

• exercise (S = Subject = Red) (P = Predicate = Green) (SU = Support Unit = Purple)
• Although it was raining, we went to the beach
• The exermination was post phoned, giving students extra time to revise
• The company made a record profit, despite the economic down turn
• The new teacher, a highly respected scholar, began his class today

Complex sentence (kalimat kompleks) adalah kalimat yang memiliki satu main clause/independent clause dan sekurang-kurangnya satu anak kalimat/dependent clause (subordinating clause). Anak kalimat biasanya berupa adverbial clause (i.e. clause yang diawali oleh subordinating conjunction (i.e. although, because, ect.) atau berupa adjective clause (i.e. clause yang diawali oleh relative pronoun (i.e. who, that, which, ect.). Pada kalimat kompleks, jika kalimat pokoknya (main clause) dihilangkan, anak kalimat akan memiliki makna yang belum lengkap.

Contoh:

1. Because I didn’t go to school last week, I didn’t know (that) there would be an exam today.
2. I was studying English when my friend came. (Saya sedang belajar bahasa Inggris ketika temanku datang).
3. I seldom get good grades although I always study hard. (Saya jarang dapat nilai bagus walaupun saya selalu belajar dengan keras).
4. Besides we have to study grammar, we also must know how to speak fluently. (Selain kita harus belajar tatabahasa, kita juga harus tahu bagaimana cara berbicara dengan fasih).
5. I have received the letter that you sent me last week. (Saya telah menerima surat yang kamu kirim minggu lalu).
6. My dad bought this book, which is a hundred pages long, in Jakarta. (Papa saya membeli buku ini, yang tebalnya 100 halaman, di Jakarta).
7. The person whom you met yesterday is my sister. (Orang yang kamu temui kemarin adalah adik (perempuan) saya).
8. Because she is a nice person, she has many friends who are willing to help her. (Karena dia orang yang baik, dia punya banyak teman yang sudi menolongnya).
9. My dad bought this book, which is a hundred pages long, when he was in Jakarta.
10. Even though he is a good looking person, I will never be attracted to him because the girl whom he just dumped is my sister. (dump = campakkan).

Note:  a) Contoh 1-4 adalah adverbial clause, contoh 5-7 adalah adjective clause. Contoh 8 -10 masing-masing mengandung 2 anak kalimat. Coba tentukan mana adverbial clause dan mana adjective clausenya. b). Gunakan relative pronoun which jika adjective clausenya hanya merupakan informasi tambahan yang tidak begitu penting (i.e. jika dihilangkan tidak merubah makna kalimat) dan, ingat, tanda koma dibutuhkan sebelum dan sesudah adjective clause tersebut.

Compound-complex sentences

Jika sebuah kalimat mengandung sekurang-kurangnya dua independent clause dan sekurang-kurangnya satu dependent clause, kalimat tersebut disebut compound-complex sentence.